Project 2 Fallacies

C. Lobo 5 Fallacy Arguments
Bandwagon Fallacy other names (Appeal to Belief, Appeal to Majority, Ad Populum, and Appeal to Common Belief)

The appeal to this fallacy is that everyone else is doing or believes this, you should too.

Example: Everyone likes wearing green hair, you should too.

Circular Argument other names (petitio principii, Begging the Question, Logical fallacy, Circular Definition, Circular Reasoning, Reasoning in a Circle, Chicken and Egg argument)

The appeal to this argument is that of repeating a statement that has the same meaning as the conclusion.

Example: because John is a great runner he got the medal, he got the medal only because Jonh is such a great runner.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_fOyxk7DdU&t=65s

Hasty Generalization (Generalizing from too-small a sample, Hasty Induction)

Generalizing or simplifying a fact that of something or someone without any supporting research, data or evidence. This can happen by stereotyping or conclude without enough research or data. This can make one look biased.

Example: All sports car drivers are old and are fast reckless drivers.

Red Herring Fallacy (ignoratio elenchi)

The argument tries to distract the attention of the audience by raising an irrelevant issue. It diverts that

attention from the real issues.

Example: Asking someone to make a payment for an item as they change the subject be by mentioning the beautiful weather today.

Appeal to Ignorance (argumentum ad ignorantiam)

Arguing from ignorance. Is the appeal that something is true because it has not been proven false or

false because it has not been proven true. Is arguing for or against without any evidence to the contrary.

Example: You can prove that aliens do exist because there is no proof that aliens do not exist.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGF8v0uECP8



M. Lopez's 5 Fallacy Arguments
Absurd Extrapolation or (Slippery Slope): a series of statements that have a superficial connection with one another, which lead into what is often a rather far-fetched conclusion.

Example: If we ban smoking, then people will start taking soft drugs and then move onto hard drugs, and the crime rate will go up and up. We should therefore prevent crime by allowing smoking.

Affirming the Consequent: If A is true then B is true. B is true, therefore A is true.

Example: I am in London, England. I am in England, therefore I am in London.

Bifurcation or (False Dilemma): Either A or B is true. If A is true, B is therefore false. C is not an option.

Example: Either you are with me or against me.

Conspiracy Theory: A is true. B is why the truth cannot be proven. So A is true.

Example: Flying saucers have landed. The government is covering it up, which is why there is no evidence about it. Of course they deny it!

Poisoning the Well: Discredit the other person before they speak. Or discredit the topic or argument that they may support.

Example: Well, Jane will tell you something else, but then she always lived on the other side of the tracks.

Sources :

Slippery Slope. (n.d.). http://changingminds.org/disciplines/argument/fallacies/slippery_slope.htm.

Curtis, G. (n.d.). Over-Extrapolation. Logical Fallacy: Over-Extrapolation. http://www.fallacyfiles.org/overxtra.html.

Affirming the Consequent. (n.d.). http://changingminds.org/disciplines/argument/fallacies/affirming_consequent.htm.

False Dilemma. (n.d.). http://changingminds.org/disciplines/argument/fallacies/false_dilemma.htm.

Conspiracy Theory. (n.d.). http://changingminds.org/disciplines/argument/fallacies/consipracy_theory.htm.

Poisoning the Well. (n.d.). http://changingminds.org/disciplines/argument/fallacies/poisoning_well.htm.

Clark, T. (1970, January 1). Poisoning the Well. The Skeptic's Field Guide. https://www.skepticsfieldguide.net/2012/05/poisoning-well.html.

S. Solis's 5 Fallacy Arguments
Appeal to Fear- This is a strong tactic used to find someone’s fears and use it to convince them to do what you want.

Butterfly Logic- The butterfly logic idea is that certain thoughts are connected to other thoughts by neurons in your brain. Making it were you will think of a certain topic when talking about a certain seemingly unrelated other topic.

Attack the Person- Attack the person is exactly how it sounds. A person will try to verbal attack by saying rude or in a strong tone things to the other in hopes the other person will give up in defeat.

Ignorance of Refutation- This is when a person will purposely miss the point the other is making in order to make it seems like they person did not provide a clear enough case on the point.

Unrepresentative Sample- This is when someone will you a statistic on a certain group to try and pursued the person in to thinking it works to their point that would be an unrelated group of people.

 A. Reynolds' 5 Fallacy Arguments 

Amphiboly - A sentence with different meanings, saying something that can be taken two ways.

Example: "One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got into my pajamas I'll never know."

Style over substance - An attractive presentation makes it right.

Example: Any time you assume something is great just because it looks good or sounds good

Logical Inconsistency - Arguments that contradict one another.

Example: "There is no evil in this world. Though evil exists in some parts of the world, we will overcome it sooner or later."

Equivocation - A single word with more than one meaning.

Example: A warm beer is better than a cold beer. After all, nothing is better than a cold beer, and a warm beer is better than nothing.

Appeal to trust - I am trustworthy, therefore everything I say must be true.

Example: Trust me, I'm a doctor.

References:

Curtis, Gary. “Amphiboly.” Logical Fallacy: Amphiboly, 2017, www.fallacyfiles.org/amphibol.html#Note2.

Inconsistency. “Inconsistency.” Department of Philosophy : Texas State University, Texas State University, 15 May 2019, www.txstate.edu/philosophy/resources/fallacy-definitions/Inconsistency.html.

Equivocation. “Equivocation.” Department of Philosophy : Texas State University, Texas State University, 21 Nov. 2019, www.txstate.edu/philosophy/resources/fallacy-definitions/Equivocation.html.

Appeal to Trust, changingminds.org/disciplines/argument/fallacies/appeal_trust.htm.